Policy Background: Data Compliance Becomes a New Threshold for Global Competition As global data protection regulations tighten (with EU GDPR fines exceeding 5.3 billion euros), Chinese companies face multiple compliance challenges in cross-border marketing. In 2025, the Cyberspace Administration of China’s “Provisions on Promoting and Regulating Cross-Border Data Flows” (the “Provisions”) further refine operational standards, while new cross-border e-commerce tax policies have been implemented, signaling…